<section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <section> <section> <section> <p>氮是所有生物体的必需元素，是蛋白质和核酸等关键细胞成分的生物合成所必需，因此是限制地球生命的主要营养元素。大气中的氮气是可自由获取氮的最大库存，但大多数生物体依赖更多生物可利用形式的氮（例如铵和硝酸盐）来生长。这些底物的可用性取决于由代谢多样的微生物复杂网络进行的各种氮转化反应。</p> </section> </section> </section> </section> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section> <p>微生物可以将氮化合物转化为具有活性且有毒的一氧化氮，或转化为惰性且无害的氮气。氮的微生物转化通常被描述为一个由六个有序进行的不同过程组成的循环，同化、氨化、硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和固氮。这种氮循环的观点意味着氮气首先被固定到氨上，然后被<strong>同化</strong>为有机氮（即生物质）。有机氮的降解，<strong>氨化</strong>，释放出一分子氨，随后通过<strong>硝化作用</strong>氧化成硝酸盐(NH₄⁺&rarr;NO₂^&minus;&rarr;NO₃^&minus;)，并最终通过<strong>反硝化作用</strong>转化回氮气(NO₃^&minus;&rarr;NO₂^&minus;&rarr;NO&rarr;N₂O&rarr;N₂)或<strong>厌氧氨氧化</strong>(NO₂^&minus;+NH₄⁺&rarr;N₂)。</p> </section> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <section> <section> <section> <section></section> </section> </section> <section> <section> <section> <section style="color: #2d65ad;"> <p>植物把硝酸盐还原成为氨盐过程的最初阶段，是靠硝酸还原酶的作用。由氨到氨基酸的合成途径是由谷氨酸脱氢酶把氨与&alpha;-酮戊二酸进行还原而生成谷氨酸。进而在生成的谷氨酸与丙酮酸间进行氨基转移，就可生成各种氨基酸。另一方面，氨基酸在生物体内也因受到水解和氧化还原所进行的脱氨基反应而被分解。细菌尤其是腐败细菌能使氨基酸脱羧而生成胺。氨基酸因脱氨基分解生成的氨，在植物以谷氨酰胺或天冬酰胺的形态积存于体内，动物则以氨或转化成为尿酸、尿素排出体外。</p> </section> </section> </section> <section> <p>&nbsp;</p> </section> </section> </section> </section> </section> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <section></section> </section> </section> <section> <p>氮对于生物体的重要性不言而喻，而近年来人们对于全球气候变化的关注和研究中，由于人口的过快增长和化肥使用量的急剧增加，发现人类已经推动氮循环超越了可持续性，例如由于污水的过量排放导致水体中亚硝酸盐超标，NO₃^&minus;污染是导致沿海地区死亡区增加的原因，N₂O被认为是21世纪及以后需要缓解的关键温室气体，这些使得对于氮循环的控制越来越成为一项棘手的工作。因此，科学和社会有责任关注氮循环，并从最终控制氮循环的微生物中获取线索。</p> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" src="https://img43.chem17.com/9/20240511/638510180362790730309.png" alt="图片" crossorigin="anonymous" data-imgfileid="502581349" data-ratio="0.42777777777777776" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/doiafjfLyzULFVyicGlPCm8c4ZKGektkxuL7Z4ljEV8rHg1qzM7FRaaNXwWmvwmMNicAic7fhVpqoia3u5NFwOq9UjA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg" data-type="png" data-w="1080" data-original-style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;" data-index="3" data-fail="0" /></section> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section> <p>以下酶进行氮转化：同化硝酸还原酶(NAS)；膜结合(NAR)和周质(NAP、napA)异化硝酸还原酶；亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(NXR)；一氧化氮氧化酶(NOD)；含血红素(Cd₁-NIR)和含铜(Cu-NIR)亚硝酸还原酶；细胞色素C依赖性(cNOR)、对苯二酚依赖性(qNOR)和含铜对苯二酚依赖性一氧化氮还原酶(Cu_ANOR)；NADH依赖性细胞色素P450一氧化氮还原酶(P₄₅₀NOR)；黄酮二铁一氧化氮还原酶(NORvw)；杂合簇蛋白(HCP)；羟胺氧化还原酶(HAO)；羟胺氧化酶(HOX)；一氧化二氮还原酶(NOS)；一氧化氮歧化酶(NO-D)；同化亚硝酸还原酶(cNIR)；异化周质细胞色素C亚硝酸还原酶(ccNIR)；&epsilon;-羟胺氧化还原酶(&epsilon;HAO)；八血红素亚硝酸还原酶(ONR)；八碳连四硫酸盐还原酶(OTR)；钼铁(MoFe)，铁铁(FeFe，anfHGDK)和钒铁(VFe，vnfHGDK)固氮酶；肼脱氢酶(HDH)；肼合酶(HZS)；氨单加氧酶(AMO)；颗粒甲烷单加氧酶(pMMO)；氰酶(CYN、cynS)和脲酶(URE)。</p> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <section></section> </section> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section class="" data-lazy-bgimg="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/doiafjfLyzULFVyicGlPCm8c4ZKGektkxupo2DHhCpxbXsOe3GjtJJWicMhyE1ib1CgcPavRj7BFxA5jkgxBrvrmaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg" data-fail="0"> <section> <section> <section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <section> <section> <section style="color: #2d65ad;"> <p><strong>索莱宝氮循环</strong><strong>系列</strong></p> <p><strong>检测产品</strong></p> </section> </section> </section> </section> </section> </section> <section></section> </section> </section> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <div class="tabledivclass"> <table width="677" align="left"> <tbody> <tr class="firstRow"> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section style="color: #ffffff;"> <p><strong>产品货号</strong></p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section style="color: #ffffff;"> <p><strong>产品名称</strong></p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section style="color: #ffffff;"> <p><strong>规格</strong></p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0070</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0075</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0080</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>硝酸还原酶(NR)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0085</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>硝酸还原酶(NR)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0910</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC0915</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1450</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1455</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酰胺酶(GLS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1460</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1465</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1480</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>水土中亚硝酸盐</p> <p>含量检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1485</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>水土中亚硝酸盐含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1490</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>食品中亚硝酸盐含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1495</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>食品中亚硝酸盐含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <p>100T/96S</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1500</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物硝态氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1505</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物硝态氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <p>100T/48S</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1520</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物氨态氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1525</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物氨态氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1530</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>尿素氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1535</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>尿素氮含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1540</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC1545</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4110</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>脲酶(UE)活性</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/24S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4115</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>脲酶(UE)活性</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4370</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物中酰脲含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <p>50T/24S</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4375</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>植物中酰脲含量</p> <p>检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4910</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>肌酐含量检测试剂盒</p> <p>（肌氨酸氧化酶法）</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC4915</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>肌酐含量检测试剂盒</p> <p>（肌氨酸氧化酶法）</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>100T/96S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC5690</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>一氧化氮合成酶分型</p> <p>(TNOS、iNOS、cNOS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC5695</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>一氧化氮合成酶分型</p> <p>(TNOS、iNOS、cNOS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <p>100T/96S</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC5680</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <section> <p>50T/48S</p> </section> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24.0000%"> <section> <p>BC5685</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="50.1600%"> <section> <p>一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)</p> <p>活性检测试剂盒</p> </section> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="25.0000%"> <p>100T/96S</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> </section> <section style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);"> <section> <p>&nbsp;</p> </section> <section> <section> <p><strong>温馨提示</strong></p> <p>索莱宝生化试剂盒货号以&ldquo;0&rdquo;、&ldquo;5&rdquo;结尾，分别代表两类反应体系。以&ldquo;0&rdquo;结尾的代表试剂盒所用方法为分光光度法(反应体系约1mL)，可以用分光光度计进行检测；以&ldquo;5&rdquo;结尾的试剂盒代表所用方法为微量法(反应体系约0.2mL)，可以用分光光度计或者酶标仪进行检测。</p> </section> </section> </section> <section> <p>参考文献</p> <p>[1] Kuypers, M. M. M., Marchant, H. K., &amp; Kartal, B. (2018). The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(5), 263&ndash;276.</p> <p>[2] Soler-Jofra, A., P&eacute;rez, J., &amp; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2021). Hydroxylamine and the nitrogen cycle: a review. Water Research, 190, 116723.</p> <p>[3] Stein, L. Y., &amp; Klotz, M. G. (2016). The nitrogen cycle. Current Biology, 26(2).</p> </section> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>